Outline – Anatomy and Physiology I

I. Homeostasis

Negative Feedback

II. Cellular Anatomy and Function

A. Membrane

Function:

B. Structure:

1. Lipid bilayer

Transport function:

2. Channel proteins

Transport function:

3. Carrier proteins

Transport function:

4. Receptor Protein

5. Other proteins

Marker molecules:

Enzymes:

Support proteins:

6. Vesicles (endocytosis & exocytosis)

B. Transport of material

1. Passive transport (diffusion)

Rate of diffusion depends on :

a) Simple diffusion

b.) Facilitated diffusion – no energy

c.) Osmosis:

Isosmotic –

Hyperosmotic –

Hyposmotic –

2. Active transport:

3. Secondary active transport:

Symport:

Antiport:

III. Histology

A. Epithelial tissues – covers surfaces

B. Cell attachments

1. Desmososmes

2. Hemidesmosomes

3. Tight junction

C. Connective tissues

IV. Receptor response and membrane potentials

A. Ligand and receptor

1. Intracellular receptor

2. Receptor protein on plasma membrane

B. Effect of ligand-receptor binding

1. Change membrane permeability

2. Synthesize an intracellular molecule

3. Change G proteins

a) Open or close channels

b) Enzyme activation

4. Phosphorylation

V. Electrical signals

A. Charge difference

B. Difference due to permeability

C. Resting potential

1. Potential difference across membrane

2. K+ movement

3. Na+ movement

4. Na+/K+ pump

D. Local potentials

Membrane response to stimuli:

E. Action Potential

1. Threshold potential

2. All or none

3. Stages of AP

a) Rest:

b) Depolarization

c) Repolarization

d) After potential

4. Refractory period

Absolute refractory:

Relative refractory:

5. Propagation of AP

VI Cells of Nervous system

A. Nerve cells

1. cell body

2. dendrites

3. axon

B. Structural classification

1. Multipolar neurons

2. bipolar

3. unipolar

C. Functional classification

Directional:

D. Non-neuronal cells (glial cells)

1. Astrocytes

2. Oligodendrocytes

3. Schwann cells

VII Conduction of AP

A. Speed

B. Human nervous system – myelinated and unmyelinated

1. Type A

2. Type B

3. Type C

VIII Signals Transmitted

A. Electrical signals

B. Chemical signals

1. Gap – synaptic cleft

2. Neurotransmitters:

Acetylcholine:

GABA

Glycine:

Glutamate:

Serotonin:

Dopamine:

Norepinephrine:

3. Release of transmitter

a) Voltage gated calcium channels

b.) Synaptic vesicles

c) Ca++ triggers

d) release of transmitter

IX Signals received

A. Neurotransmitter-receptor complex

B. Chemical signal removed

C. Receptors

X. Direct transmission of CNS

A. Example – Stretch reflex

B. Excitatory postsynaptic potential

C. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

XI Direct transmission Nerve-muscle

A. Motor neuron-skeletal muscle

B. Transmitter

C. Receptor

D. Terminology

1. End plate

2. Synaptic bouton

3. End-plate potential

E. EPSP in muscle

XII Indirect receptor transmission ANS

A. Sympathetic nervous system

B. Transmitter

C. Receptor

D. G-protein

E. EPSP

XIII Modulation

A. Axo-axonic synapses

1. Presynaptic inhibition

2. Presynaptic facilitation

XIV Summation

A. Neuronal integration

B. Temporal

C. Spatial

XV Pathways of information

A. Convergent

B. Divergent

Organization of the Nervous System

I. Nervous system

A. Central Nervous system

B. Peripheral Nervous system

1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

Central Nervous System

I. Seven main regions

A. Medulla oblongata

B. Pons

C. Midbrain

D. Reticular formation

E. Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

F. Cerebrum

Lobes

Cortex

Language area

Wernicke’s

Broca’s

Memory

Declaration

Procedural

Stages of memory

G. Cerebellum

H. Spinal cord

Sensory and motor

II. Ascending pathway

A. Dorsal column/medial lemniscal system

Fig. 13.23

III. Descending pathways

A. Corticospinal

Fig. 13.27

Autonomic Nervous System

I. Divisions

A. Sympathetic

B. Parasympathetic

II. Motor systems

A. Autonomic vs Somatic

III. Anatomical difference in divisions

A. Sympathetic

Fig. 16.3