WELCOME TO HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BIOLOGY 109

IMPORTANT: Final Exam May 16th 8AM-10AM IN THE GYM!!!!!

Answer to Lecture quiz #4

I. Matching: (C) Vital Capacity - maximum expiration after a maximal inspiration. (D) Carbon monoxide - inhibits oxygen biding to hemoglobin leading to hypoxia. (J) Lipase - this enzyme breaks down lipids in the small intestines. (G) Epiglottis - covers the larynx to prevent food entering the trachea. (A) Tidal volume - inspiration volume equals expiratory volume (normal breathing) (F) Gallbladder - concentrates bile received from the liver. (I) Peptidase - breaks down proteins in the small intestines. (B) Inspiratory Reserve - amount of air maximally inspired. (E) Emphysema - this condition leads to collapsed airways and hypoxia. (H) Mucus - provides a protective layer for the stomach.

II. Short answer:

1. How does Boyle's law relate to gases moving into the lungs?
"gas pressure is inversely proportioned to the container volume" Therefore, as the lungs expand, pressure decreases below atmospheric allowing gases to move from high to low pressure.

2. What are the three ways that carbon dioxide moves through the circulatory system?
dissolved in plasma, attached to hemoglobin (in the red blood cell), as HCO3- when water and CO2 combine in the presence of carbonic anhydrase (in red blood cell)

3. What is the purpose of the Salivary secretions?
The purpose of the salivary secretions is to moisten and lubricate food, partially digest starch into disaccharides, partially dissolve food for taste

4. What are the functions of the following substances?
A. Gastrin : to increase the secretion of HCL and pepsinogen

B. Disaccharidase: to break down disaccharides into simple sugars

April 27th

1. In respiration, pulmonary ventilation refers to ________________.

2. The process of Respiration is mainly the result of the movement of gases based on a pressure gradient. What physically happens which leads to the difference in pressure between the lungs and the atmosphere?

3. How does the above question relate to Boyle's law?

4. Define the following terms: Tidal volume/ Inspiratory Reserve volume/ Expiratory Reserve Volume/ Vital Capacity/ Residual volume

5. Explain the different ways in which CO2 is carried (or moves) through the circulatory system.

6. How does the Nervous system regulate Respiration? What other factors can affect respiration?

7. What factors or disorders can lead to Hypoxia?

May 2nd

1. What simulates the Salivary glands and what is the function of saliva?

2. What are the steps involved in the Swallowing reflex at the pharynx?

3. Name the secretions of the stomach and their functions.

4. What is the role of Gastrin and Histamine in the stomach and what leads to their secretion?

5. Where would you find the following enzymes or chemicals and what are their functions: Peptidase/ Disaccharidase/ Lipase/ Bicarbonate ion/ secretin and CCK/ Amylase/ Trypsin/ Nucleases/ organic waste/ bile salts

6. Where does most digestion and absorption occur in the digestive system? What type of substances are absorbed?

May 4th

1. Discuss the following regarding the Large intestines: What is the function? What is reabsorbed? What is the function of bacteria?

2. Most movement in the digestive system is due to peristalic waves (contractions). However, movement in the large intestines is due to ________________________.

3. Please provide all of the functions of the kidney.

4. For each of the nephron structures below, please specify what is absorbed or secreted: Bowman's capsule (Glomerular capsule)/ Proximal Convoluted tubule